Olfactomedin-like 2 A and B (OLFML2A and OLFML2B) expression profile in primates (human and baboon)

BACKGROUND: The olfactomedin-like domain (OLFML) is present in at least four families of proteins, including OLFML2A and OLFML2B, which are expressed in adult rat retina cells. However, no expression of their orthologous has ever been reported in human and baboon. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of OLFML2A and OLFML2B in ocular tissues of baboons (Papio hamadryas) and humans, as a key to elucidate OLFML function in eye physiology. METHODS: OLFML2A and OLFML2B cDNA detection in ocular tissues of these species was performed by RT-PCR. The amplicons were cloned and sequenced, phylogenetically analyzed and their proteins products were confirmed by immunofluorescence assays. RESULTS: OLFML2A and OLFML2B transcripts were found in human cornea, lens and retina and in baboon cornea, lens, iris and retina. The baboon OLFML2A and OLFML2B ORF sequences have 96% similarity with their human's orthologous. OLFML2A and OLFML2B evolution fits the hypothesis of purifying selection. Phylogenetic analysis shows clear orthology in OLFML2A genes, while OLFML2B orthology is not clear. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of OLFML2A and OLFML2B in human and baboon ocular tissues, including their high similarity, make the baboon a powerful model to deduce the physiological and/or metabolic function of these proteins in the eye.

Molecular evolution and expression profile of the chemerine encoding gene RARRES2 in baboon and chimpanzee

BACKGROUND: Chemerin, encoded by the retinoic acid receptor responder 2 (RARRES2) gene is an adipocytesecreted protein with autocrine/paracrine functions in adipose tissue, metabolism and inflammation with a recently described function in vascular tone regulation, liver, steatosis, etc. This molecule is believed to represent a critical endocrine signal linking obesity to diabetes. There are no data available regarding evolution of RARRES2 in non-human primates and great apes. Expression profile and orthology in RARRES2 genes are unknown aspects in the biology of this multigene family in primates. Thus; we attempt to describe expression profile and phylogenetic relationship as complementary knowledge in the function of this gene in primates. To do that, we performed A RT-PCR from different tissues obtained during necropsies. Also we tested the hypotheses of positive evolution, purifying selection, and neutrality. And finally a phylogenetic analysis was made between primates RARRES2 protein. RESULTS: RARRES2 transcripts were present in liver, lung, adipose tissue, ovary, pancreas, heart, hypothalamus and pituitary tissues. Expression in kidney and leukocytes were not detectable in either species. It was determined that the studied genes are orthologous. CONCLUSIONS: RARRES2 evolution fits the hypothesis of purifying selection. Expression profiles of the RARRES2 gene are similar in baboons and chimpanzees and are also phylogenetically related.

CDX-2, MUC-2 and B-catenin as intestinal markers in pure mucinous carcinoma of the breast

BACKGROUND: Pure mucinous adenocarcinoma of the breast is a rare entity characterized by the production of variable amounts of mucin comprising 1% to 6% of breast carcinomas. Some mucinous adenocarcinomas have shown expression of intestinal differentiation markers such as MUC-2. This study examines the expression of intestinal differentiation markers in this type of breast carcinoma. RESULTS: Twenty-two cases of pure mucinous adenocarcinoma of the breast were assessed. Immunochemistry was performed for beta-catenin, CDX-2 and MUC-2. All cases were positive for B-catenin. MUC-2 positivity was observed in all cases; 63. 6% were 3 plus positive. All cases were negative for CDX-2. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that mucinous breast carcinomas express some markers of intestinal differentiation, such as MUC-2 and beta-catenin; however, future studies with a larger series of cases and using molecular techniques that help affirm these results are needed.

Embarazo ectópico molar cornual: caso clínico / Molar cornual ectopic pregnancy: clinical case

Antecedentes: La incidencia de embarazo ectópico es 20/1000 embarazos y en la región cornual se presentan en el 2-4 por ciento. La mola hidatiforme ocurre en 1/1000 embarazos en EEUU y 1/500 en México. La presentación simultánea es muy rara. Se han descrito solamente 40 casos en la literatura médica, con una incidencia estimada de 0,04 por ciento de localización cornual. Caso clínico: Primigesta de 30 años, que cursando un embarazo de 8 semanas, acude de urgencia por presentar náuseas y vómitos de 1 día de evolución, con dolor abdominal y sangrado vaginal. Prueba de embarazo positiva. A la exploración física presenta dolor abdominal difuso y signos de irritación peritoneal. El ultrasonido transvaginal mostró imagen ecogénica multiquística intrauterina cercana a la región cornual, por lo que se sospecha embarazo molar. En la laparotomía exploradora se realizó resección cornual y posteriormente dilatación y curetaje de la cavidad uterina. La anatomía patológica confrmó el diagnóstico. Negativizó beta-hGC a las 7 semanas después de la cirugía.

Background: The incidence of ectopic pregnancy is 20 per 1,000 pregnancies. The cornual ectopic pregnancy is found in 2-4 percent. Hydatidiform moles occur in 1 per 1000 pregnancies in USA and 1 per 500 in Mexico. Thus, the incidence of the two occurring together is very rare. Only 40 cases have been reported in the medical literature, the incidence estimate is 0.04 percent. Clinic case: We analyzed a 30 year old woman patient case, gravida 1, with 8 weeks' gestation by last menstrual period, came at the Hospital Universitario Dr. José Eleuterio González, Monterrey, Nuevo León, with complaints of nausea and vomiting for 1 day and abdominal pain, and transvaginal bleeding. A cualitative pregnancy test was positive. Physical examination revealed diffuse abdominal tenderness and peritoneal signs. The transvaginal ultrasonography showed a multicystic echogenic mass within the uterus near cornual region consistent with a molar pregnancy. A cornual resection was performed followed by dilation and curettage. Pathologic diagnosis was confrmed. The monitoring of beta-hGC titers was negative 7 weeks after surgery.

Interacciones entre polimorfismos del gen MTHFR, gestaciones e inicio de vida sexual modifican el riesgo para cáncer cérvico-uterino en una población del noreste de México / The effect of MTHFR polymorphisms, pregnancy and first intercourse on cervical cancer in a population from the Northeastern Mexico

Objective. To investigate the possible association among MTHFR polymorfhisms, environmental factors and cervical cancer (CC) in the Mexican population. Methods. Seventy patients with CC and 89 control women were questioned about clinical data and their 677 and 1298 genotypes of MTHFR gene were analized. Results. Multipregnancies (0-2 vs. > 3, OR 2.1), an early age of first intercourse (IVS) (17 < vs. > 18 years, OR 4.3) or both factors (OR 3.5) were significantly associated with CC. MTHFR 677, 1298 polymorphisms and their combinations were not different between cases and controls. However, a significant association between pregnancies, TVS and MTHFR polymorphisms (presence of 1298C allele or 677TT genotype) was observed. The 1298C allele plus multipregnancies and IVS < 17 years, or both factors, increased 4.3, 5.3, and 11.8 times the risk for CC, respectively, while 677TT genotype changed the risk 2.0, 1.9, and 4.2 times, respectively. Conclusion. The 1298C allele increases the risk of CC strongly in women with multipregnancies and early age of IVS, while 677TT genotype has a lower risk without becoming a protection factor.

Objetivo. Buscar la asociación entre polimorfismos de la enzima metilentetrahidrofolato reductasa (MTHFR), factores ambientales y cáncer cérvico-uterino (CaCU) en mujeres del noreste de México. Métodos. Setenta pacientes con CaCU y 89 mujeres controles se sometieron a un interrogatorio clínico y a genotipificación de los polimorfismos 677C -> T y 1298A -> C del gen MTHFR. Resultados. La multigestación (0-2 vs.> 3, OR 2.1), un temprano inicio de vida sexual (IVS) (17 < vs. > 18 años, OR 4.3) o la combinación de ambos factores (OR 3.5), estuvieron asociados significativamente al CaCU. Los polimorfismos de MTHFR 677, 1298 y sus combinaciones no fueron diferentes entre casos y controles. Sin embargo, se observó una interacción significativa entre las gestaciones, el IVS y los polimorfismos de MTHFR (presencia del alelo 1298C o del genotipo 677TT). El alelo 1298C combinado con multigestación, con un IVS < 17 años, o con ambos factores, incrementó el riesgo para CaCU en 4.3, 5.3 y 11.8 veces, respectivamente, en tanto que el genotipo 677TT modificó este riesgo a 2.0, 1.9, y 4.2 veces, respectivamente. Conclusión. El alelo 1298C incrementa considerablemente el riesgo para CaCU en mujeres multigestas y con un IVS temprano, en tanto que el genotipo 677TT disminuye este riesgo, pero sin llegar a convertirse en un factor protector.

Calidad del Programa de Detección Oportuna de Cáncer Cervicouterino en el estado de Nuevo León / Quality of the Early Cervical Cancer Detection Program in the state of Nuevo Leon

Objetivo. Determinar la calidad del Programa de Detección Oportuna de Cáncer Cervicouterino en Nuevo León. Material y métodos. Se analizaron 4791 informes citológicos emitidos por los módulos de detección oportuna de la Secretaría de Salud Estatal, el Hospital Universtario y el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, seleccionados al azar. Se excluyeron aquellos que pertenecían a mujeres con histerectomía, embarazo actual, menopausia o resultado citológico positivo. La calidad se midió con apego a estándares. El análisis incluyó, además de la estadística descriptiva, pruebas para diferencias de proporciones y de medidas. Resultados. La calidad del Programa fue moderadamente satisfactoria en el ámbito estatal. La calidad de la toma de la muestra fue poco satisfactoria; 39.9 por ciento presentó células endocervicales. La calidad en términos de la cobertura fue poco satisfactoria; 15.6 por ciento correspondió a mujeres de 25 y má años atendidas por primera vez. La calidad en términos de la oportunidad fue muy sarisfactoria; 8.5 ñ .7 días hábiles entre las fechas de toma e interpretación. Conclusiones. Se requiere de estrategias para incrementar el impacto del Programa en el estado, tales como el mejoramiento en la calidad de la toma de la muestra y de la cobertura

Linfoma indiferenciado tipo Burkitt, primario, en ovario y embarazo / Undifferentiated lymphoma, Burkitt Type, primary, in the ovary and pregnancy

Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 23 años de edad, con embarazo de 30 semanas y crecimiento rápido y progresivo del perímetro abdominal, así como disnea importante. Los estudios diagnósticos demostraron producto único vivo intrauterino, ascitis y una masa heterogénea en hipocondrio izquierdo a expensas del anexo; un registro cardiotocográfico mostró sufrimiento fetal agudo; se practicó cesárea de urgencia e histerosalpingoooforectomía bilateral y omentectomía; el diagnóstico final fue de linfoma indiferenciado tipo Burkitt en ovario. La literatura revisada incluye 26 casos previos de linfoma no Hodgkin y embarazo; éste es el primero en que el tipo de linfoma corresponde a un Burkitt (indiferenciado de Rappaport o de células pequeñas no hendiadas de Luke) localizado en ovario y primario